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Alternative Sources of Natural Rubber

• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY…iii
• 1 INTRODUCTION…7
• 2 NATURAL RUBBER PRODUCTION…10
• 2.1 Natural rubber…10
• 2.2 Hevea rubber market and applications…10
• 2.3 Rubberwood…12
• 2.4 Biological threats to natural rubber production…12
• 2.5 Economic threats to natural rubber production from Hevea…13
• 3 GUAYULE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF NATURAL RUBBER…15
• 3.1 Introduction…15
• 3.2 Advantages of guayule rubber…17
• 3.3 Guayule breeding…17
• 3.4 Guayule molecular genetics and genetic engineering20
• 3.5 Guayule agronomy…21
• 3.5.1 Introduction…21
• 3.5.2 Guayule plant establishment…22
• 3.5.3 Irrigation, fertilisation and pest control…25
• 3.5.4 Harvesting, baling and transport…26
• 3.5.5 Yields of guayule cultivation…28
• 3.6 Processing of guayule rubber…31
• 3.6.1 Introduction…31
• 3.6.2 Processing of guayule for latex production…31
• 3.6.3 Solvent processing…32
• 3.6.4 Alternative processing methods…35
• 3.6.5 By-products…35
• 4 ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF NATURAL RUBBER…38
• 4.1 Introduction…38
• 4.2 Russian dandelion…38
• 4.3 Goldenrod…40
• 4.4 Other plant sources of natural rubber…40
• 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF RUBBER PRODUCTION…42
• 5.1 Cultivation and harvesting of guayule…42
• 5.2 Natural rubber processing…43
• 5.3 Life-cycle analysis of natural rubber…44
• 6 EPOBIO RECOMMENDATIONS…45
• 6.1 Research and development needs…46
• 7 REFERENCES…48
• 8 INSTITUTIONS, ORGANISATIONS AND PERSONS CONTACTED…57
• APPENDIX 1 GUAYULE CULTIVATION MANUAL…58